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Objective@#To study the consumption status of sports drinks in colleges and universitiesand its influencing factors,so as to provide the scientific basis for conducting nutrition education and making interventional measures.@*Methods@#2 610 college students from arts school, PE school and Chemistry and Environmental Science Institute of a university in Shangrao city, Jiangxi Province were randomly selected by random cluster sampling method to investigate the frequency and types of drinking beverages.@*Results@#In terms of gender, apart from lactic acid drinks, there was significant statistical significance in whether men and women regularly consumed beverages (fruit and vegetable juice drinks, χ2=24.20;Tea beverage, χ2=45.58;Carbonated beverage, χ2=57.27;Energy drink χ2=86.68, P<0.01).In addition to lactic acid drinks, there was statistically significant difference in whether the college regularly consumed beverages (fruit and vegetable juice drinks, χ2=54.72;Tea beverage, χ2=25.97;Carbonated beverages, χ2=46.64;Energy drinks χ2=74.81, P<0.01).In terms of family residence, only tea beverage (χ2=25.97) and carbonated beverage (χ2=46.64) had statistical significance（P<0.01）. In terms of monthly living expenses, all beverage types had statistical significance (milk beverage, χ2=11.69;Fruit and vegetable juice beverage, χ2=18.92;Tea beverage, χ2=20.09;Carbonated beverages,χ2=29.98;Energy drink χ2=17.71, P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that apart from lactic beverages, male students were more likely to consume fruit and vegetable juice, tea beverage, carbonated drinks and functional drinks than female students(OR=1.60, 2.38, 2.50, 4.95, P<0.01); The students in PE school were more likely to consume lactic beverages and functional drinks than those in Arts school, while the students in Chemistry and environmental science institute were less likely to consume fruit and vegetable juice, tea beverage, carbonated drinks and functional drinks than those in Art school (OR=1.29, 2.19, 0.43, 0.50, 0.42, 0.42, P<0.05); The students who spent >1 500 yuan monthly were more likely to consume lactic beverages, fruit and vegetable juice, tea beverage, carbonated drinks than those spent <1000 yuan monthly, and they consumed more functional than those spent<1 000 yuan monthly(OR=1.68, 1.75, 1.73, 2.15, 1.69, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The students of different characters have different kinds of beverages. Therefore, health education should focus on male students who spend <1 500 monthly, and targeted measures should be taken to help college students build up a reasonable concept of beverage consumption so as to promote the formation of a scientific behavior of beverage consumption.
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Background TLR-4 is a natural immunity receptors in immunity,and it plays an important role in the repair of central nervous system damage.But its effect in glaucoma optic nerve injury is unclear.Objective This study was to investigate the expression of TLR-4 in retina with high intraocular pressure(IOP)in genetic and Drotein level and therefore explore the mechanism of TLR-4 on retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)injury. Methods Chronic ocular hypertension models were established in the right eyes of 150 clean purebred Sprague-Dawley rats by cauterizing the 3 sallow sclera veins.IOP was measured before and after 2 h,1 day,3,7,14,28,56 days after operation by PEN Ⅱ TONO-type pen tonometer.The expression of TLR-4 protein in rat retina was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot,and expression of TLR-4 mRNA was assayed by real time-PCR.This experimental procedure foliowed the Statement of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Results The IOP was elevated in various time points after operation in experimental group,showing significant differences in comparison with control group(P<0.01).The immunohistochemistry revealed that the expression of TLR-4 protein in rat retina with chronic hypertension in 2 h,1 day,3,7,14,28,56 days after operation with the high A298 values in comparison with control eyes(P<0.05-0.01).Increased levels of TLR-4 mRNA in rat retinas were detected by RTPCR in high IOP eyes compared with control eyes in all time points after operation,presenting statistically significant differences between two groups(P<0.05-0.01).Western blot detection displayed the high expression of TLR-4 in retina in high IOP eyes early after operation with statistically significant results between model group and control group (P<0.05-0. 01). Conclusion TLR-4 is up-regulated in rat retina with chronic high IOP,suggesting that TLR-4 plays an immunoregulatory effect in glaucomatous eye.
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Background Neovascular glaucoma is a type of refractory glaucoma.Biological amnion combined with glaucoma valve implantation is a primary therapy and its long-term effectiveness is noticeable. Objective The goal of this Survey was to evaluate the effectiveness of biological amnion combined with glaucoma valve implantation for neovascular glaucoma and compare the clinical outcome with simple glaucoma valve implantation. Methods This was a retrospective observational case series.The clinical data of 44 eyes of 44 patients received biological amnion combined with glaucoma valve implantation for neovascular glaucoma and 43 eyes of 43 patients received simple glaucoma valve implantation for neovascular glaucoma were retrospectively analyzed and compared.The age,sex and disease-cause were matched between these two groups.Patients were followed-up for 24 months after operation.Surgery success was identified as the intraocular pressure(IOP)<21 mmHg after operation.Written informed consent was obtained from each patient prior to the operation.Results The IOP was<21 mmHg throughout the follow-up duration in both groups.No significant difierence was found in the IOP value in 1 week after operation between two groups(t=-5.34,P=0.60).However,IOP values were lower in biological amnion combined with glaucoma valve implantation group in 3,12 and 24 months after operation than those of simple glaucoma valve implantation(t=6.64,t=5.00,t=7.81,P<0.01).Operation successful rates in biological amnion combined with glaucoma valve implantation group were 97.73％.93.18％。90.24％and 82.05％in 1 week,3 months,12 months and 24 months respectively after operation.and those in simple glaucoma valve implantation were 95.35％,71.43％,65.00％and 60.53％in corresponding time points,showing considerably significant differences between two groups (χ2=7.06,χ2=7.47,χ2=4.37,P<0.05).There was no significant difference in Ihe number of eyes with complication between the two groups(P>0.05). Conclusion The biological amnion combined with glaucoma valve implantation surgery may be more effective and safe for the treatment of neovascular glaucoma than with glaucoma va]ve only.
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AIM: To study the effects of geranylgeranylacetone(GGA) on the expression of heat shock protein70(HSP70) on retinal ganglion cells(RGC) in rats with chronic intraocular pressure(IOP) elevation.METHODS: Seventy Wistars were divided into blank control group(10 rats), chronic hypertension group(30 rats) and GGA group(30 rats). Chronic hypertension was created by cauterizing the superficial scleral veins. 800mg/(kg·d)GGA was given by oral daily after cauterization. Immunohistochemistry was used respectively to observe the changes of expression of HSP70 in the model rats and GGA interference rats at different time points during the course of chronic IOP elevation.RESULTS: The successful model was identified as the IOP over 40% of normal rats. The retinal thickness was significantly reduced in model group and model+ GGA group compared with normal rats from 21 days through 28 days after cauterization(P<0.05), and that of model rats was obviously decreased in comparison with model+ GGA rats(P<0.05). The number of ganglion cells was significantly decreased in model rats and model+ GGA rats compared with normal rats from 21 days and 28 days. The stronger expression intensity(IOD) value was seen for HSP70 in the model+ GGA rats by immunochemistry(P<0.01).CONCLUSION: Systemic administration of GGA protects retina from chronic IOP elevation by regulating the expression of HSP70.
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·AIM: To study the expressive variation of Nogo-A on rat retina in the process of chronic ocular hypertension. · METHODS: Thirty-six healthy adult male Wistars were randomly divided into control group (6 rats) and chronic hypertension group (30 rats). Chronic hypertension was created by cauterizing the superficial scleral veins. Immunohistochemistry technique was used to evaluate the expressive varieties of Nogo-A at different time points during the course of chronic ocular hypertension. · RESULTS: The success of the model was indicated by over 40% of increase in the IOP as compared with normal rats. Compared with control group, as time passed chronic hypertension group gradually had detectable morphology changes in the retina. At the 21st day of chronic ocular hypertension, retinas became thinner and the quantity of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) decreased (P<0.05). Assoicated with the morphological changes, the expression of Nogo-A was strongly increased (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Myelin associated protein Nogo-A plays a part in the process of chronic ocular hypertension.
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AIM: To study caspase-9 expression on rat retina in the process of chronic elevation of IOP and the changes with the application of amino guanidine (AG), thus to investigate potential protective function of AG to rat retina with chronic elevation of IOP.METHODS: Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and Western blot were used to observe retinal morphology and expression of caspase-9 at different time points of rat with chronic IOP elevation, both affected or not affected by the application of AG.RESULTS: Compared with control group, as time passed retina of experimental group gradually had detectable morphological changes. On 21st day of chronic IOP elevation, retinas became thinner and the quantity of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) decreased; caspase-9 expression increased, consistent with the morphological changes. The group using AG presented relatively smaller morphology changes and less expression of caspase-9.CONCLUSION: Apoptosis-related gene caspase-9 played a part in the process of chronic IOP elevation; AG protects retina by down-regulating expression of caspase-9.